Starchy Science: Creating Your Own Colloid

A project on physical properties from Science Buddies

By Science Buddies

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Magic molecules: With just the right blend of starch and water, you can create a crazy colloid substance. Image: George Resteck

Key concepts
Matter
Colloidal solutions
Physical properties
States of matter

Introduction
Have you ever wondered what whipped cream, jelly, and milk have in common? Aside from all being tasty, they are also all made up of tiny, solid particles that are dispersed, or distributed, in water. This type of mixture is called a colloidal solution. Colloidal solutions have some very interesting physical properties, such as acting like a solid and a liquid at the same time! In this activity you'll get to create a colloidal solution that's made using cornstarch and water, and then explore these properties firsthand.

Background
Colloidal solutions (also called colloidal suspensions) contain little particles, ranging from one to 1,000 nanometers in diameter. (A nanometer is very small—a human hair is about 100,000 nanometers wide!) In this activity the particles used are cornstarch, and they're evenly dispersed throughout a quantity of water. These particles are so small that you can't see them with the naked eye—and when you look at the colloidal solution it appears homogenous, or uniform. If you put it under a microscope, however, it would look heterogeneous, or as if things had been mixed together.

Having the right particle size is essential for making a colloidal solution. If smaller particles are used, they will dissolve in the water and not be visible, even with a microscope. For example, think of how sugar dissolves in water, making a homogenous solution. On the other hand, if larger particles are used, such as grains of sand, they will not dissolve in the water. Instead, they separate from the water, and are so large they form a heterogeneous mixture of particles that can be seen with the naked eye. Particles of cornstarch are just the right size (about 100 to 800 nanometers in diameter) to make a colloidal solution with water.

Materials
• Small bowl or cup
• Cornstarch
• Cup, mug or drinking glass
• Water
• Medicine dropper
• Fork

Preparation
• Add one tablespoon of the cornstarch to the small bowl or cup.
• Fill the empty cup, mug or drinking glass with water.

Procedure
• Use the medicine dropper to add water from the cup to the small bowl that holds the cornstarch. Add the water one drop at a time, counting as you go. What happens as the water touches the cornstarch?
• After you have added 20 drops, stir the cornstarch with the fork. Break up any clumps that formed.
• Keep adding drops one at a time, stirring with the fork after every 20 drops. What happens as you add more water?
• Once you have added 100 drops of water total, stop for a moment and observe the cornstarch. How does it look? How has it changed?
• Continue adding drops, but now mix the cornstarch after every 10 drops.
• Stop adding water when all of the cornstarch has flowed together like a liquid. It will probably take around 150 to 170 drops of water total. How many drops did it take for you? How would you describe the solution’s appearance?
• Play around with the solution in the bowl. Poke it with your finger and put some on your fork or in your hand. How does it move? What does it feel like? What do you think this tells you about colloidal solutions and their physical properties? Tip: If it seems to get chalky while you're investigating it, try adding and mixing in a few more drops of water.
• Extra: Colloidal solutions can be made out of other common products aside from cornstarch, such as other starches (for example, potato, tapioca and rice starches) as well as gelatin. Try making colloidal solutions out of other substances. How do these compare with the colloidal solution made using cornstarch?
• Extra: Starches are often used to make gels. Try heating the solution and see what happens. How does it change? Are there new physical properties that you can observe?
• Extra: Clay soil behaves like a colloidal material when it has just the right amount of water in it. You could try making a colloidal clay soil solution and test the effect of different forces on it. Colloid solutions can appear solid against strong downward forces, but weak against lateral forces that push sideways. In which direction is your colloid solution the weakest? If your sample were clay soil in the real world, how could this contribute to landslides or earthquakes?

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Creating magnetic superatoms

On the left, the mass spectra of clusters show the existence of the Na7V- superatoms. The middle graphical representation details the geometrical structure and the electronic orbitals in the cluster with the far right showing the D-orbitals that breed the magnetic character. Credit: Shiv Khanna, Ph.D.

(Phys.org) —Sounding like something out of a comic book, superatoms are not only an enticing idea, but experiments have confirmed they exist. Scientists at Virginia Commonwealth University have collaborated with scientists from Johns Hopkins University to synthesize the first magnetic superatoms.

The existence of magnetic superatoms was previously predicted by the group at VCU and collaborators in a paper appearing in Nature Chemistry. The current work now shows that superatoms can be synthesized.

Superatoms are small clusters of atoms that can imitate various elements in the periodic table. They are the potential building blocks for nanostructured materials that one day may be used to create molecular electronic devices for the next generation of faster computers with larger memory storage.

"The work at VCU has also shown that assemblies of such magnetic species could lead to novel electronic systems with potential applications in spintronics, an area where new devices for memory and data processing using electron spin can be synthesized," said Shiv N. Khanna, Ph.D., Commonwealth professor in the Department of Physics, part of the VCU College of Humanities and Sciences. "The creation of such magnetic species opens the pathway to these and other applications."

The experimental synthesis involved ionization of sodium and vanadium to synthesize bimetallic species. The theoretical prediction had identified Na8V as a superatomic species with a magnetic moment of five Bohr magnetons. The studies conducted by the experimental group at Johns Hopkins led by Kit Hansell Bowen Jr., E. Emmet Reid Professor in the departments of Chemistry and Materials Science, focused on anionic species Na7V- or Na8V clusters.

According to Khanna, the measurement of the magnetic moment of such small species is difficult, hence the Johns Hopkins group used an indirect approach proposed by the scientists at VCU. The approach involves the combination of the theoretical work with experimental negative ion photodetachment spectrum. The results confirmed the theoretical prediction that the resulting species is indeed magnetic. These results were reported in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.

"This work is significant. It is a pretty important finding as it opens the pathway to potential applications," Khanna said.

"It also highlights the importance of the original work done by our team at VCU," said Jose Reveles Ramirez, Ph.D., a co-author in the group at VCU.

Journal reference: Journal of the American Chemical Society Nature Chemistry

Provided by Virginia Commonwealth University

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