1 of 10. University of Southern California professor Arieh Warshel talks on the phone with Israeli President Shimon Peres after hearing he won the Nobel chemistry prize in Los Angeles, California October 9, 2013.
Credit: Reuters/Lucy NicholsonBy Mia Shanley and Sven Nordenstam
STOCKHOLM | Wed Oct 9, 2013 3:21pm EDT
STOCKHOLM (Reuters) - Three U.S. scientists won the Nobel chemistry prize on Wednesday for pioneering work on computer programs that simulate complex chemical processes and have revolutionized research in areas from drugs to solar energy.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, awarding the prize of 8 million crowns ($1.25 million) to Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel, said their work had effectively taken chemistry into cyberspace. Long gone were the days of modeling reactions using plastic balls and sticks.
"Today the computer is just as important a tool for chemists as the test tube," the academy said in a statement. "Computer models mirroring real life have become crucial for most advances made in chemistry today."
Chemical reactions occur at lightning speed as electrons jump between atomic nuclei, making it virtually impossible to map every separate step in chemical processes involving large molecules like proteins.
Powerful computer models, first developed by the three scientists in the 1970s, offer a new window onto such reactions and have become a mainstay for researchers in thousands of academic and industrial laboratories around the world.
'LIKE A MOVIE'
In drug design, for example, scientists can now use computers to calculate how an experimental medicine will react with a particular target protein in the body by working out the interplay of atoms.
"The field of computational modeling has revolutionized how we design new medicines by allowing us to accurately predict the behavior of proteins," said Dominic Tildesley, president-elect of Britain's Royal Society of Chemistry.
Today, all pharmaceutical companies use computational chemistry to screen experimental compounds for potential as medicines before further testing them on animals or people.
The ability to model chemical reactions has also grown as computers have become more powerful, while progress in biotechnology has produced ever more complex large molecules for use in treating diseases like cancer and rheumatoid arthritis.
"It has revolutionized chemistry," Kersti Hermansson, professor in organic chemistry at Uppsala University, said of the computer modeling. "When you solve equations on the computer, you obtain information that is at such detail it is almost impossible to get it from any other method."
"You can really follow like a movie, in time and in space. This is fantastic detail..."
Karplus, a U.S. and Austrian citizen, carries out research at the University of Strasbourg and Harvard University. Levitt, a U.S. and British citizen, is at the Stanford University School of Medicine. Warshel, a U.S. and Israeli citizen, is a professor at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
The approach has applications in industrial processes, such as materials science, the design of solar cells or catalysts used in cars. For the former, programs can be used to mimic the process of photosynthesis by which green leaves absorb sunlight and produce oxygen.
EARLY SETBACKS
It was not an easy scientific journey, however. Warshel said he had been convinced of the case for using computers to simulate chemical reactions since 1975 but did not know if he would live to see it adopted.
"I always knew it was the right direction, but I had infinite difficulties and setbacks in the research. None of my papers were ever published without being rejected first," he told Reuters.
Karplus said his early work using computers was initially met coldly by many of his scientific colleagues in the '70s.
"My chemistry colleagues thought it was a waste of time," he told reporters at Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts, adding that the next generation of scientists should be courageous and "not believe their colleagues necessarily if they say they can't do something."
Karplus's family brought him to the United States in 1938 after the Nazi annexation of Austria. Austrian President Heinz Fischer said on Wednesday the Nobel Committee's decision to award the prize to Karplus "is gratifying and at the same time an occasion to reflect on Austria's responsibility."
A unique insight of the trio's work was to use computer simulations to combine quantum mechanics, which explains the making and breaking of chemical bonds, with classical Newtonian mechanics, which captures the movement of proteins.
Ultimately, the ability to computerize such complex chemical processes might make it possible to simulate a complete living organism at the molecular level - something Levitt has described as one of his dreams.
"I am a computer geek," Levitt told Reuters.
Back in the 1960s there were no personal computers, he said, so the only way for scientists to get their hands on a computer was to find ways to use it in their work.
"That's not to say that I became a computational chemist in order to play with computers, but a large part of any creative activity is to feel that you're playing."
"I think if everybody did everything with passion, the world would be a better place," he said.
Chemistry was the third of this year's Nobel prizes. The prizes for achievements in science, literature and peace were first awarded in 1901 in accordance with the will of businessman and dynamite inventor Alfred Nobel.
(Additional reporting by Johan Ahlander and Ben Hirschler in London, Sharon Begley in New York, Richard Valdmanis in Boston, and Alex Dobuzinskis and Dana Feldman in Los Angeles; Editing by Alistair Scrutton, Ralph Boulton and Claudia Parsons)
The bonding orbitals (red and blue surfaces) in B-boron demonstrate how vacancies and self-interstitials can stabilize the structure. Left: Part of the stable form of boron called the B28 unit (gold ball-and-stick) has a local instability that leads to the introduction of B13 vacancies with unoccupied orbitals (red surfaces). Right: The system is stabilized as two interstitials boronatoms (B17 and B18) are introduced as a pair, which transforms the unoccupied orbitals (red surfaces on the left) to nearly complete chemical bonds (blue surfaces on the right nearby the B17 and B18 interstitials).